نشریه سیاست دفاعی
پیاپی 121 (زمستان 1401)

The main purpose of this study is to achieve a kind of theoretical and analytical framework to explain the developments in the Middle East. The question that arises in this study is why the US deterrence in the Middle East is not effective enough to meet the challenge of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The method of this research is based on two steps; In the first step, an analytical-theoretical model is presented for the invasions of the gray zone. In the second step, using empirical data and events, the challenge of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the deterrent efficiency of the United States in the Middle East are evaluated and analyzed. According to this research hypothesis, the changes in the international system after the events of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the attacks of September 11, 2001 have led to changes in the geopolitical and security structures of the Middle East. US intervention in the region has added to the complexity of the region's structure and ultimately led to the formation of a gray zone. As a result, the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East has challenged the deterrence of the United States.

Syria is one of the most important and influential countries in the regional equations between the powers of West Asia and even in the international equations, which has a special place politically, socially and religiously in the Shamat region. Undoubtedly, a large part of the confrontations and commonalities between Iran and Turkey in Syria in the last decade, originated from the political thought of the two countries, which can be easily seen in the face of specific confrontations between the Iranian Shiite and secular Turkish thought in this country. . The findings of the present study show that the central influence in the Syrian equations and the direct role in the survival or non-survival of the central government and maintaining its territorial integrity through the "Kurdish issue" as commonalities of Turkish and Shiite secular political ideas. Iranians in the Syrian crisis and support for influential groups in the Syrian crisis, including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Syrian Alawite groups stemming from Turkish and Shiite political thought, differences in the way of thinking about the crises and revolutions of Arab countries, Differences in the type of view and support of Islamic resistance groups in the region, differences in the type of view of the idea of ​​governance in the region and differences in policies and strategies for implementing political ideas as the most important contradictions of secular political ideas Turkish and Iranian Shiites have been involved in the Syrian crisis.

In the last decade, Syria, as one of the important countries in the West Asian region as well as the front line of the Resistance Front, has experienced a severe crisis and widespread civil war, and this crisis has quickly acquired regional and global dimensions. The ISIS terrorist group played a key role in shaping the Syrian crisis, as well as economic issues, by hanging on to it. Although the ISIS terrorist group no longer exists externally, their takfiri-terrorist thinking, like fire under ashes, continues to threaten Syria and the Resistance Front. This article aims to answer the question "What are the economic factors affecting the crisis of ISIL in Syria?" Compiled. The findings of this study show that in addition to identity and religious challenges as well as the intervention of regional and supra-regional powers opposed to the Resistance Front, economic challenges such as inefficient economic policies, economic discrimination due to ethnic, religious and political factors, etc. Factors influencing the formation of the crisis in Syria and the attraction of some groups to the opposition. The method of data collection in this research is library and interview and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical.

The main purpose of this article is to study how the Taliban's power in Afghanistan is reproduced based on the René Tom catastrophic theory and the Snow and Benfour framework theory, as well as to provide solutions for defending Iran's eastern borders. In this regard, the question that arises is "How and by what frameworks did the Taliban manage to gain control of a large part of Afghanistan in a short period of time?" "And what are the solutions to protect the country's eastern borders in the current situation " ?The results of the study, show that Based on the forecasting framework, the Taliban interpreted the main solution in forming the government and articulating the social, cultural, economic and political dimensions of the citizens in Islamic law, and based on the motivational framework in the current situation, unlike in the past, with events such as NATO withdrawal. And the United States, in particular, sees the military-economic aid of countries like Pakistan and the recourse to attractive promises both to regain the impetus and power of complete domination and to necessitate the use of negotiation alongside armed aggression. This set of factors has provided the necessary opportunity to re-form the Taliban government. Under these circumstances, Iran's most important security measures in protecting the eastern borders are: strengthening the eastern border forces, strategic patience and avoiding military action, raising the intelligence aristocracy and trying to persuade the Taliban to maintain the necessary calm and flexibility.

The Persian Gulf is strategically important,, which has caused supra-regional actors to be active intervening in this system throughout history, and regional order to be influenced by these actors' policies.Due to the decline of the US role in the regionthe Zionist regime has attempted to play a more effective role in the region. The GCC on the other hand, have taken steps to strengthen ties with the Zionist regime in order to assure their security in the wake of the US pullout, attempting to align their security interests with those of Western countries.The normalization and the presence of the Zionist regime in the region have resulted in changes in the security arrangements in the Persian Gulf, and the main question of this study is how the normalization of Zionist regime relations with the UAE and Bahrain has influenced the transition of security arrangements in the Persian Gulf? The study investigates the above issue using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources. The findings of this study indicate that, following the normalization of relations between the Zionist regime and the countries of the UAE and Bahrain, the security arrangements of the Persian Gulf have been influenced and It is in a state of transition. This transformation has taken the form of shifting friendship-enmity patterns between Iran, the GCC, and the Zionist regime, as well as shifting its polarity with the convergence of the two poles of the GCC and the Zionist regime and the divergence of Iran and the GCC.

Considering that in the contemporary world, tourism is considered as one of the most important strategies in planning for the development of countries; Identifying the influential factors in the development of tourism has been very important. Considering the importance of other indicators and influential components in the field of tourism attraction and development, the focus of the present study is based on security and the contexts for its realization and strengthening in Paveh city.Therefore, this article, based on descriptive-analytical research method, survey method and interview tools (semi-structured and purposeful) whose statistical population was 30 elites and experts in Shahr-e-Paveh, seeks the question that the contexts and contexts of feeling How to achieve social security leading to the development of tourism in the Paveh border region? In response to this question, the hypothesis is raised that the emphasis and strengthening of cultural contexts and contexts such as holding rituals, local ceremonies, customs, music and folklore, language and dialect, ancient civilization of the region and retelling its oral history, Folk beliefs, dissemination of folk tales, celebrations (Nowruz celebration, pomegranate celebration), symbolic investments, artistic and theatrical traditions, science and technology, rich and peaceful culture of the region and local indigenous games, along with effective social media outlets Security building to strengthen and realize the sense of security leading to the development of tourism in the city of Paveh was considered.

The composition of Isreael society is abnormal, heterogeneous and transformed relative to other societies,and is composed of immigrant population who have come together from different regions and countries in the occupied territories.Despite the seven decades since it’s inception,this regime still faces many social challenges in the nation- making process.Therefore,The main purpose of this research is to explain their effectsand consequences for the security of the Zionist regime.This current paper is based on the descriptive- analytical method and within the framework of the Copenhagen school, and tries to answer this fundamental question that what are the basic social and identity challenges of the security of Zionist regime and what impact do they have on the security? Findings of the research showed that Reducing the migration of Jews to the occupied territories,inverse immigratio,Declining Jewish population,The growth of American values within the Zionist community ,Also the condensed and activation of social divisions are among the fundamental challenges affecting the social security of the Zionist regime.

In the framework of the knowledge of "international studies" all political phenomena are variable. In other words, the world of international politics is a mixture of variables. In this process, the study of China's all-encompassing rise in the international system as an emerging power is a strategic issue. The political architecture and views of current Chinese officials on international relations are very different from those of previous Chinese leaders. The leaders of the new China are trying to bring their hegemony to the forefront of hegemony on the international stage and away from confrontation with the United States, away from the hustle and bustle of showcasing power. Undoubtedly, China will play an active and decisive role in redesigning and guiding the future world order.

China's superiority in the future world system based on components of power; The hegemony of the US-led monopoly system will face strategic bottlenecks.

To study the context of China's role-playing in the future world system and its consequences on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

US strategic constraints and threats to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran will be severe or ineffective, and will also allow the Islamic Republic of Iran to develop its power and influence in the region and the world. Data collection: documentary-library, information analysis method qualitative.